缓释肥类型与运筹对不同穗型水稻产量的影响

以大穗型品种甬优2640和多穗型品种南粳9108为材料,270 kg hm–2纯氮条件下,选用树脂包衣(PCU)、硫包衣(SCU)和脲甲醛(UF)3种缓控释肥类型,设置了缓控释肥与尿素均基施、缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施尿素2种施肥方式,以常规尿素定量分施为对照(CK)。结果表明,缓控释肥的应用对甬优2640无增产效应。主要因为甬优2640穗大粒多,群体颖花量大。与CK比,相对集中在前中期的肥效难以满足植株全生育期生长,中后期叶面积指数下降快,氮素积累少,光合势弱,物质生产量不足,不能实现群体大库容的有效充实。而对南粳9108,脲甲醛基施+尿素分蘖期施处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%,树脂包衣基施+尿素分蘖期施和脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理与CK平产的同时可减少施肥2~3次。2种运筹方式中,以缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施用尿素处理能有效增加植株茎蘖数,提高成穗率和最终穗数,扩大叶面积指数,增强光合势,增加干物质和氮素的积累,获得高产。3种肥料类型中,产量呈现UFPCUSCU。脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理之所以能使南粳9108获得比CK更高的产量,是因为UF的肥效在中后期依然能相对稳定释放,配合尿素的分蘖期施用,既保证了前期分蘖的发生,又能保证高峰苗后稳定的茎蘖数和群体叶面积指数,植株在拔节后的光合势和物质积累量大,氮肥利用率高,增产显著。由此可见,针对不同穗型和产量特性的水稻品种,优选缓控释肥类型基施的同时,分蘖期配合速效肥料的施用,可获得既省工又增产的效果。     

枣树施肥研究进展

归纳了枣树生长过程中的肥料吸收规律和施肥对枣树的影响;概括了枣树周年生长过程中对氮、磷、钾肥的吸收规律;同时总结了氮磷钾肥、生物肥、矿物质肥、沼肥等对枣树叶片和枝条生长,果实糖、Vc和可溶性固形物含量,以及果树抗病性等的影响。     

Achieving legislation requirements with different nitrogen fertilization strategies: Results from a long term experiment

The Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC, Anonymous, 1991) was developed in Europe to limit environmental threats from intensive livestock farming and N fertilizer applications to crops. It imposed several rules on farmers and public bodies, one of which was nutrient fertilization plan adoption. Here we use results from the Tetto Frati (Northern Italy) Long-Term Experiment to verify the terms and coefficients in the official Italian guidelines and evaluate the limitations imposed to organic fertilization amounts. For this purpose, we mined long-term experimental data of crop yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and soil organic matter content from miscellanea cropping systems fertilized with farmyard manure (FYM) and bovine slurry (SLU), typical of a dairy farm in Northern Italy. N fertilization efficiency indicators (Removal to Fertilizer ratio, Apparent Recovery and Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value) indicated that in the long run, FYM behaved similarly to urea, and better than SLU. Even N supply rates as high as 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were justified by high rates of crop removal. In fact, among the terms of the mass-balance equation, SOM mineralization was found to be most relevant, followed by meadow rotation residual effects. We conclude that a revised Nitrates Directives application scheme could be more relaxed in its application limit of manure-N, but should be more ambitious in setting efficiency coefficients for manure fertilization.     

Germination of Salicornia bigelovii Ecotypes under Stressing Conditions of Temperature and Salinity and Ameliorative Effects of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria

Salinity is a major stress condition. Salicornia bigelovii is a valuable edible halophyte, considered to be a promising resource for cultivation in arid coastal zones. Its productivity depends on the supplementary provision of nitrogen, for which an option is chemical fertilization. Nevertheless, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers contributes to the problem of increased salinity. The inoculation of plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB) represents an alternative. Seed ecotypes from four coastal areas [Santa Rosa Chica, Santa Rosa Grande, Santa Cruz and Cerro Prieto (CP), Sonora, México] were collected, in order to inoculate them with two species of PGPB (Azospirillum halopraeferens and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Two germination tests were carried out to study the effect of salinity, temperature regime (night/day) and inoculation with PGPB on germination (percentage and rate), plant height, root length and biomass produced (fresh and dry matter). In the first test, all four ecotypes were considered, whereas in the second test only the CP ecotype was involved because it was found to be the outstanding ecotype in the previous test. Results showed inhibition of germination when salinity was higher in all ecotypes except CP. The CP ecotype showed a decrease of seed germination with an increase in NaCl concentrations at all temperatures tested. However, when it was inoculated with both PGPB, the germination percentage was influenced.     

大豆高产优质施肥研究与应用

本文概述了大豆营养特性与施肥的研究结果，提出了高产施肥的关键技术。大豆营养特性：一是对主要营养元素的吸收量较稻、麦作物高（等量籽粒产量），生产100kg大豆约吸收6.5~8.5kg N，1.8~2.8kg P2O5，2.7~3.7kg K2O，3.5~4.8kg CaO，1.8~2.9kg MgO，4.5~9.5g Zn。二是对主要营养元素的吸收积累高峰在花荚期，N、P、K的60~70%在在此期吸收，而不同于稻麦等作物。三是总氮源的40~60%来源共生固氮，而共生固氮又受土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mo、Zn等及土壤PH值影响。四是大豆成熟阶段营养器官的养分向籽粒转移率高，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ分别达58~77%，60~75%，45~75%。大豆施用N、P、K、Zn、Mo、B肥均显著提提高产量，合理配合施用可达到180~300kg/亩。N、P提高籽粒蛋白质含量，K与Zn提高脂肪含量，P、K、Zn、Mo及少量N肥可提高结瘤固氮率。N、P、K和多种微肥可减轻东北连作大豆的不利因子危害，大幅度增加产量。大豆高产施肥，一是根据土壤、植株养分含量确定施肥数量，二是有机肥与N、P、K肥及多种微肥配合施用，三是注重前茬作物施肥，增肥土壤，四是根据土壤条件、耕作制度、大豆品种特性确定施肥数量、方法、时期。中等肥力高产施肥一般应施用N 8，P2O5 4，K2O 4，ZnSo4 1.5(kg/亩)，钼酸铵20~30g/亩，P、K、Zn用作底或种肥，N肥钼肥种肥花期追肥各半，另于花荚期喷施P、N、Mo肥二次     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

不同施氮水平对青贮玉米生产性能的影响

采用小区试验方式,在管理、密度一致的条件下,对奥玉5102和农大3188两个青贮玉米品种进行了追施纯氮300、375、450、525kg/hm24个水平的施肥试验研究。结果表明：4个施肥处理水平对夏播青贮玉米的物候期、草产量无显著影响;纯氮300kg/hm2水平的株高最高、绿叶比例最大、单株重最大,成本最低;纯氮525kg/hm2水平的植株成活率最高。     

半干旱区造林技术初探

在半干旱地区植苗造林成活与否 ,取决于从选择良种壮苗到抗旱栽植管理整个过程中的苗木水分状况     

油松容器苗施肥的研究

本文根据研究结果论述了油松容器苗营养土中掺合尿素的最适量,一定出圃规格油松容器苗的施肥量以及施肥量的计算方法。同时还论述了1年生油松容器苗有关的化学营养诊断指标。